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A virus is a non-cellular life form that contains only one nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and must be parasitic in living cells. Its replication, transcription and translation capabilities are carried out in the host cell, and when it enters the host cell, it completes its own life activities by using the materials and energy in the host cell, and replicates to produce a new generation of viruses similar to itself according to the genetic information contained in its own nucleic acid.

Viruses rely on the enzyme system of the host cell to synthesize nucleic acids and proteins within the host cell under the regulation of the genetic information provided by their genes. Subsequently, the virus assembles into a mature infectious virion in the cytoplasm and is eventually released outside the cell in various ways to infect other cells.