Trigonelline hydrochloride

Category	Herpes simplex Virus (HSV)
CAS	6138-41-6
Description	Trigonelline has hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, neuroprotective, antimigraine, sedative, memory-improving, antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-tumor activities, and it has been shown to reduce diabetic auditory neuropathy and platelet aggregation. It acts by affecting β cell regeneration, insulin secretion, activities of enzymes related to glucose metabolism, reactive oxygen species, axonal extension, and neuron excitability.

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Product Information

Synonyms	1-METHYLPYRIDINIUM-3-CARBOXYLATE HYDROCHLORIDE; N-METHYLNICOTINIC ACID BETAINE HYDROCHLORIDE; TRIGONELLIN HYDROCHLORIDE; TRIGONELLINE HYDROCHLORIDE; TRIGONELLINE HCL; TIMTEC-BB SBB000182; 3-carboxy-1-methylpyridinium chloride; Trigonelline chloride
IUPAC Name	1-methylpyridin-1-ium-3-carboxylic acid;chloride
Molecular Weight	173.6
Molecular Formula	C7H8ClNO2
Canonical SMILES	[Cl-].C[n+]1cccc(c1)C(O)=O
InChI	InChI=1S/C7H7NO2.ClH/c1-8-4-2-3-6(5-8)7(9)10;/h2-5H,1H3;1H
InChIKey	TZSYLWAXZMNUJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Melting Point	~260 °C (dec.)
Purity	>98%
Solubility	In Vitro: DMSO : 6 mg/mL (34.56 mM; Need ultrasonic)
Appearance	Powder
Application	hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, neuroprotective, antimigraine, sedative, memory-improving, antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-tumor
Storage	4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture * In solvent : -80°C, 6 months -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)
Animal Admin	Three-month-old female Wistar rats are used in this study. The animals are divided into five groups (n=10): Control rats, Streptozotocin-treated control rats, Streptozotocin-treated rats receiving Trigonelline chloride (50 mg/kg p.o. daily), Nicotinamide/streptozotocin-treated control rats, and Nicotinamide/streptozotocin-treated rats receiving Trigonelline chloride (50 mg/kg p.o. daily). Administration of Trigonelline chloride starts two weeks after streptozotocin and lasts four weeks. Trigonelline chloride is administered once daily by a stomach tube. All control rats receive tap water (the vehicle) at the same volume of 2 mL/kg p.o. The four-week period of Trigonelline chloride administration is long enough to demonstrate skeletal effects of Trigonelline chloride and other compounds of plant origin in rats. The rats are fasted overnight after the last Trigonelline chloride or vehicle administration. The next day, the blood glucose level is measured and the rats are anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine, and then sacrificed by cardiac exsanguination.
In Vitro	It is found that Trigonelline chloride (TG) significantly rescues the morphology of the H9c2 cells. Treatment of cells with Trigonelline chloride attenuates H2O2 induced cell deaths and improves the antioxidant activity. In addition, Trigonelline chloride regulates the apoptotic gene Caspase-3, Caspase-9 and anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2, Bcl-XL during H2O2 induced oxidative stress in H9c2 cells. For evident, flow cytometer results also confirm that Trigonelline chloride significantly reduces the H2O2 induced necrosis and Apoptosis in H9c2 cells. However, further increment of Trigonelline chloride concentration against H2O2 can induce the necrosis and Apoptosis along with H2O2.
In Vivo	Trigonelline chloride decreases bone mineralization and tends to worsen bone mechanical properties in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In nicotinamide/streptozotocin-treated rats, Trigonelline chloride significantly increases bone mineral density (BMD) and tends to improve cancellous bone strength. Trigonelline chloride differentially affects the skeletal system of rats with streptozotocin-induced Metabolic disorders, intensifying the osteoporotic changes in streptozotocin-treated rats and favorably affecting bones in the non-hyperglycemic (nicotinamide/streptozotocin-treated) rats.
PSA	44.01000
Target	HSV; Bacterial; Fungal