Thapsigargin

Category	SARS-CoV
CAS	67526-95-8
Description	Potent, cell-permeable, IP3-independent intracellular calcium releaser. Blocks the transient increase in intracellular Ca2+ induced by angiostatin and endostatin. Induces apoptosis by disrupting intracellular free Ca2+ levels; incorporated into chemotherapeutic prodrug formulations. In cells, sarco/endoplasmic calcium ATPases (SERCAs) transport free calcium into the sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticula, lowering intracellular calcium levels to stop signaling through this cation. Thapsigargin is a non-competitive, cell permeable inhibitor of calcium transport by SERCAs (IC50 values are cell type-dependent and range from ~2-80 nM). Inhibition of SERCAs leads to an increase in intracellular calcium, which has been linked to cell activation, release of histamine from mast cells, and increased proliferation of certain types of cancer cells. In vivo, thapsigargin and related sesquiterpene lactones have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects.

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Product Information

Synonyms	Octanoic acid
IUPAC Name	[(3S,3aR,4S,6S,6aR,7S,8S,9bS)-6-acetyloxy-4-butanoyloxy-3,3a-dihydroxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-8-[(Z)-2-methylbut-2-enoyl]oxy-2-oxo-4,5,6a,7,8,9b-hexahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-7-yl] octanoate
Molecular Weight	650.75
Molecular Formula	C34H50O12
Canonical SMILES	CCCCCCCC(=O)OC1C2C(=C(C1OC(=O)C(=CC)C)C)C3C(C(CC2(C)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)CCC)(C(C(=O)O3)(C)O)O
InChI	InChI=1S/C34H50O12/c1-9-12-13-14-15-17-24(37)43-28-26-25(20(5)27(28)44-30(38)19(4)11-3)29-34(41,33(8,40)31(39)45-29)22(42-23(36)16-10-2)18-32(26,7)46-21(6)35/h11,22,26-29,40-41H,9-10,12-18H2,1-8H3/b19-11-/t22-,26+,27-,28-,29-,32-,33+,34+/m0/s1
InChIKey	IXFPJGBNCFXKPI-FSIHEZPISA-N
Boiling Point	691.9±55.0°C at 760 mmHg
Flash Point	209.0±25.0 °C
Purity	>99%
Density	1.2±0.1 g/cm3
Solubility	Soluble in DMSO, acetonitril, ethanol, methanol, dichloromethane
Appearance	Solid
Application	Enzyme Inhibitors
Storage	Store at -20°C
Animal Admin	Male Balb/c mice (20-25g) are injected intraperitoneally with Tunicamycin solution (1 μg/g body mass). For Thapsigargin solution a dose response is conducted using (0.25 ug/g, 0.5 ug/g and 1 ug/g body mass). As controls, mice are injected intraperitoneally with control buffer (150 mM dextrose containing 1% DMSO). Adipose and liver tissues are harvested 24 hrs post treatment.
Complexity	1270
Exact Mass	650.33022703
Index Of Refraction	1.540
In Vitro	The selective sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA) inhibitor thapsigargin, is known to deplete intracellular Ca(2+) stores, which consequently evokes extracellular Ca(2+) entry through cell membrane-associated channels, accompanied by a prominent rise in cytosolic Ca(2+). Thapsigargin-induced up-regulation of ATF3 expression in keratinocytes was attenuated by BAPTA-acetoxymethyl ester or by expression of the Ca(2+)-binding protein parvalbumin in the cytosol of HaCaT cells but not by a panel of pharmacological agents that chelate extracellular Ca(2+) (EGTA) or inhibit either ryanodine receptors (dantrolene) or voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels (nifedipine).
In Vivo	Thapsigargin did induce vomiting in the least shrew in a dose-dependent and bell-shaped manner, with maximal efficacy (100%) at 0.5 mg/kg (i.p.). Thapsigargin (0.5 mg/kg) also caused increases in c-Fos immunoreactivity in the brainstem emetic nuclei including the area postrema (AP), nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNX), as well as enhancement of substance P (SP) immunoreactivity in DMNX. In addition, thapsigargin (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) led to vomit-associated and time-dependent increases in phosphorylation of Ca(2+)/calmodulin kinase IIα (CaMKIIα) and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in the brainstem. Functional studies showed that treatment of HaCaT keratinocytes with thapsigargin led to a 2-fold induction of caspase-3/7 activity. The up-regulation of caspase-3/7 activity in thapsigargin-stimulated HaCaT cells was attenuated by inhibition of JNK.
PSA	171.96000
Target	Ca2+-ATPase
Vapor Pressure	0.0±5.0 mmHg at 25°C
XLogP3-AA	3.6